Showing posts with label Southern Border. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Southern Border. Show all posts

Thursday, February 14, 2019

Parameters: What Research/Science Is Affected During A Government Shutdown?






Later today -- members of Congress will be voting on a bill to avoid another government shutdown.  I am sure that each of you are pretty tired of hearing about a government shutdown.  Making pawns out of federal workers is growing old and needs to be mitigated by Congress.  What are the fall outs aside from the obvious -- 0.11% of the U.S. population out of work?  Some people try very hard to downplay the hostage crisis with government workers held in between.  What the majority of the U.S. population does not realize is that the total effects of an extended government shutdown are very serious.  Let me show you a couple of angles to view the present situation which are quite different than what is normally considered by the average person.



Government Shutdown Affects Science?




The other day I was reading the latest issue of the trade journal 'Chemical & Engineering News' which contained a guest editorial titled "A Case For Compromise" by Dr. Willie E. May.  Among other disparate and dangerous aspects of a government shutdown, he made the case for three separate areas of science which were greatly devastated (and potentially have long term damage) by the shutdown:



(1) The morale of the finest scientific workforce on this planet. Government scientists are working on critically important problems, including cures for diseases, the safety of our food supply, cybersecurity, and next-generation quantum computers. The current lapse in funding has cut scientists off from their labs and the work that they have devoted their lives to, which could cause many of our best and brightest to move on to different positions. That would be a severe loss for our country.
(2) Research in the world’s best collection of universities. A marked reduction in grant processing and funding drawdowns at agencies such as the National Science Foundation have stalled progress in all scientific fields.
(3) Critical NASA space missions. Delays in work at NASA affect our knowledge of other planets, the stars, and beyond.
(4) US industrial productivity and innovation. For example, work has been brought to a halt at my former agency, NIST, including the world-renowned labs where ­cutting-edge research has yielded five Nobel Prizes and many other awards. In addition to lacking the results of NIST’s intramural research, US industry does not have access to NIST’s calibration services for precision instruments, 1,200 cataloged standard reference materials, reference data sets that get more than 225,000 downloads per year, and unique user facilities that are in demand 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.




Dr. Willie May is the former Director of the National Institute for Standards and Technology along with the former UnderSecretary of Commerce for Standards and Technology.  He is currently the vice president of Research at the Morgan State University.  The above excerpt outlines concisely the negative impact a government shutdown would have on science research and technology.  The negative reach could be catastrophic.  Why?



Imagine if a pharmaceutical company was in the midst of gathering a round of funding to move a drug forward to evaluation by the Food and Drug Administration.  Part of that funding might come from the National Institutes of Health (through a specific grant).  I wrote about this process briefly in a previous post about government funding pharma drug development (see videos in post).  What negative impact could happen if the government shutdown occurred and tied up potential funding for the company used in the example?  Quite possibly, the remaining funding from venture capitalist might fall through and disappear.



The timeline on funding is variable when the government is working normally.  Insert a government shutdown to put a freeze on all operations and now all other components of that funding could be impacted which could result in research projects being canceled or put on hold.  That could hold up progress in developing downstream technology in certain cases.  Which is why in the statement above by Dr. Willie May -- the impact on U.S. innovation and technology is right spot on the money.



What About Agriculture?




Above, the negative impact on technology and research was briefly discussed.  What about the agriculture sector?  In a previous post, I alluded to the negative impact a government shutdown might have on federal agencies.  This week, a brief in Politico Agriculture highlights the potential negative impact on the agriculture sector a government shutdown could have:



Another prolonged shutdown would be especially painful for agriculture, and it's unclear if USDA could take steps to mitigate some of the headaches that accompanied the previous closures. If agencies' work on commodity data publications (including a large backlog from December and January) is frozen, it could leave crop farmers in the dark once again as they make planting decisions for the year.


The last sentence tells all -- in that the government shutdown which occurred over Christmas and into the New Year has already had a negative impact on farmer's ability to plan for the upcoming season.  And yes, that is tied into the crops which produce the food which is sold in the store.  Your grocery store, the food which potentially sits on your shelves and in your refrigerator.  Do I have your attention now?



Government workers need to work.  It's more obvious than that.  We (the American people) need government workers to work and for the government agencies to work on a day to day basis.  I did not even get a chance to discuss the potential negative impacts on agencies like NASA - with hundreds of millions (if not billions) of research equipment floating in the skies above us which rely on personnel here on Earth to run, collect, and process data.  Not to mention, the scientists needed to process and transmit that data back into policy or new technology to serve the U.S. population.  Again, government workers need to work.




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Friday, February 8, 2019

How Many People Can 254 Pounds Of Fentanyl Kill?


Source: Fortune



The largest amount of Fentanyl seized in a drug bust to cross the Mexico border into the United States occurred a little over a week ago as reported on 'Voice Of America' recently:



PHOENIX — 
U.S. Customs and Border Protection officials announced Thursday their biggest fentanyl bust ever, saying they captured nearly 254 pounds (114 kilograms) of the synthetic drug that is helping fueling a national epidemic of fatal opioid overdoses from a secret compartment inside a load of Mexican produce heading into Arizona.



And shown (the picture taken from the article) below:





Source: VOA



Readers who are familiar with my writing will remember that I wrote a similar post on this very topic a half a year ago.  In that post, I developed the methodology for determining the amount of Fentanyl needed to kill a person.  The result was a range of 2-3 milligrams needed to kill an adult.  WOW.  The photograph at the beginning of the blog post illustrates the differences of quantities needed between heroine and Fentanyl to kill a person.  As you can see the vial located on the right has barely any powder inside of it.  Hence, the range of 2-3 milligrams is spot on.



Of course, as I also mentioned in the previous blog post, the exact amount needed to kill a person has never been determined.  That amount would be officially reported as the 'LD50' -- the amount needed to kill 50% of the population (testing population) off.



254 Pounds Of Fentanyl = "x" Deaths?




First, the amount of milligrams contained in a single pound are needed.  Why?  The Fentanyl was reported in units of measurement -- pounds -- in the article.  Whereas the range of quantities needed to kill a person is expressed in units of 'milligrams'.  Therefore, consulting Google with the following question: How many milligrams are in a pound?  The following answer appears as shown below:







There are 453,592 milligrams in a pound.  The only unit conversion for this analysis is ready to be accomplished given the conversion factor obtained above.  Since there are 453,592 milligrams in a pound, the number of milligrams in 254 pounds can be determined as shown below:






The calculation above reveals that in 254 pounds of Fentanyl, there are 115,212,368 milligrams.  Now the amount of people which could be killed with 254 pounds of Fentanyl can be determined.  This is because all of the numbers are expressed in the same units of measurement -- milligrams.



Since the number cited in my previous blog post was a range of values 2-3 milligrams, the answer which is expected will also be a range.  Shown below are the two values which make up the range of the amount of Fentanyl needed to kill a single person:





And the upper limit of the range is 3 milligrams as shown below:







Our analysis shows that the total number of people which could be killed with 254 pounds of Fentanyl (which was seized at the border) is between 38.4 million and 58 million people.  Oh my goodness. These statistics need to be stated in news articles too.  The problem with stating the statistics is that there are no hard numbers which represent the LD50 of Fentanyl.



Regardless, the amount of Fentanyl needed is super small compared to the amount of heroin needed to kill a person.  Which really drives up the danger posed with seizing the drug.  If border agents or other law enforcement agencies do not have adequate training on handling the seizure of such an enormous amount, death could be a strong possibility.  Therefore, handling the Fentanyl coming across the border should be carried out with the utmost (and urgent) care to avoid any large catastrophe (or death).



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