Wednesday, July 17, 2019

A Mass Shooting Is Not The Same As A Scientific Discovery -- Applying The Same Metric For News Worthiness Is Useless


Photo by Thomas Charters on Unsplash



A couple of weeks ago, I attended a day conference which aimed at bringing together the science community with the news community.  Two communities which do not necessarily have a high degree of overlap.  Hence, the massive need for science journals.   If the news publicized scientific findings, then maybe the content viewers wanted would change over time.  That is my personal opinion as a scientist.



The day was very informative, to say the least.  Overall, the goal was to teach scientists how to 'kick start' their science (research) by learning how to talk too publicly elected officials.  I could write an entire series about the whole day -- which was filled with talks and activities.  Instead, I would like to highlight a couple of overarching issues which cast a large shadow over the rest of the content.



That is how stories are sorted to be published.  Further, how stories are chosen for a given issue/print of the week.



Mass Shooting VS. Science: NO



During the late morning, the Chief Content Officer for channel 7 news in Los Angeles -- "ABC7" spoke about the ever-changing news cycle.  In the discussion, he elaborated on the specific techniques which are used (metrics) for deciding whether a story makes the news or not.  I was surprised to find out that the only hour out of a 24-hour cycle during which there is no news is from 2:00 - 3:00 p.m. Monday through Friday.



Turns out that the content editors aggregate their stories from a variety of sources: mail, email, social media, and data analytics.  The first three are not entirely surprising given the popularity of the delivery methods.  Social media offers up to date real-time analysis of stories.  Instant feedback to stories published on the ABC7 Facebook page, ABC7 Twitter page, or ABC7 Instagram.  These results/comments are fed back to the senior content editor along with his team to decide where to go (i.e., what new stories to search for/publish) next in the news world.



Makes sense, right?



Go with the content which is trending or soaring on the social media/internet landscape.  Right?



If I were working in the newsroom, I suppose the choice is obvious.  Especially, given the amount of real-time data arising out of a story.  Social media, along with the entire digital domain, has changed how news is analyzed, presented, and consumed by the corporations and consumer.



His take-home message was that he is interested in accumulating (collecting) stories from a variety of sources.  Send him one.  He stated that overall, the news channel still relies on 'scoops' from a variety of sources.  That point was a significant part of his presentation and repeated by his assistant reiterated during a Q & A session.



What was not apparent to me but arose during the Q & A session was the method of how the stories are chosen to run in a given news cycle.  The process by which content editors in newsrooms decide the worthiness of a story has fascinated me over time.



First, a reporter from the Los Angeles Times was asked how she chooses stories for a given week.  She stated very bluntly that she looks for the importance of the story.  How is this story going to change humanity?  Why is the world interested in this story?  What is the significance of the story now?  Reporters refer to these questions combined as the 'hook' of the story.



She was concerned about the fact that when a scientist is contacted, she is often disappointed to hear that the researcher cannot provide a 'hook' for her story.  My initial response was that scientists are not in charge of creating a 'hook' for their research.



After stewing on the ideas over the last week, I do believe that scientists should be able to explain the importance of their research to the public/news.  Although, whether that story is super-important or eye-catching is another problem.  Namely, the issue of the reporter, not the scientist.



As I mentioned earlier, another panelist was the assistant to the Chief Content Officer at ABC7.  She was asked by yours truly the following question:



Why does science not appear in the news more often?  Why don't you add more science content to the news cycle and look for the response?  Say, a profile of what a scientist looks like along with a brief summary of their research?



She started to answer the question by spreading her hands out like a table in front of herself.  With one hand she had a single sheet of paper representing a story about a Mass Shooting.  Whereas with the other hand, she had a story on the latest scientific discovery.  She placed both sheets down on the table in front of her to inspect side by side.



She answered that when stories are side by side, a decision is made on what to incorporate into the news cycle.  WHAT???????


My mind was blown away.


I could not believe that a story about the latest scientific discovery has to compete with a story about a Mass Shooting?  Does that make any sense to anybody reading this blog post?


Wow!


The two stories are entirely different.


Why would a news channel show the 'Pet of the week' to be adopted at the end of a segment, yet make science compete with a Mass Shooting?


Or make a weekly series called "What does a scientist look like?  What do they do?"


I am still trying hard to wrap my head around the concept that the news does not separate stories in terms of content.  What arises at the moment is compared head to head.  Amazing and unfair.



Science Is Constant, Not Sporadic




For those of us who practice the profession of science, the process is constant rather than sporadic.  Even if a discovery is made.  The development has many small findings which emerge to make significant developments in science.  That is, in terms of daily effort by professional scientists who get up and work every day to push the boundary of science forward.



Not every discovery is glamorous.  In fact, many small findings add up to significant development.  To me, reporting on the additive (small components) of science by the news would actually help change the public's perception of science for the better.



Are stellar scientists created overnight?  How about over 4 years at a University?  No.  Science is a practice which takes time.  Of course, that is not to say that people who are interested in science cannot understand and enjoy science without having to work endless hours in a laboratory.



Enjoying and understanding science does not mean continually practicing science research every day.


Therefore, comparing a scientific discovery to a Mass Shooting is not right.  Nor is trying to make the scientific discovery more important than the development actually is.  This blown out of proportion reporting not only confuses the public by instilling incorrect aspects regarding scientific research.  The public tends to think that only super smart (genius) people perform scientific research, which is not true at all.


The old saying:  Research is 99% perspiration and 1% inspiration.  A daily effort is made for discovery.  A Mass Shooting is a local tragedy to which no other innovation compares too.


The news corporations need to change their model by which a story is chosen and placed in a prioritized category for air time in a given news cycle.  Stories should appear based on unique content.  Viewers need guidance into what is out there in the world.  That is why most people (except for me) have 400 channels in their house.  Variety is the new norm.



If the news cycle continues to be made up of popular 'eye-catching' news only (i.e., Mass Shootings), then there will be no time for scientific discoveries.  Further, if Chief Content Officers do not decide to give time to introducing scientific developments, then a greater gap will grow. A difference between scientists and members of the public. In between which is the paywall provided by the publishers of the top science journals. Science will continue to reside behind a virtual paywall by the publishers of the top science journals.  And that is sad, considering that the scientific research which needs to be reported is being paid by taxpayer money -- U.S. Citizens tax money.  I think that we deserve to hear about scientific discoveries along with other important news.



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Monday, July 15, 2019

Business Leaders Are More Receptive To Climate Solutions!


Photo by Benjamin Child on Unsplash



Rainstorms have been more frequently hitting the United States over the last year and a half.  What does this tell you?  How does the investment in infrastructure track with the frequency of storms?  Are we as a nation investing enough in solutions which go to combat the growing effects of climate change?  New reporting suggests that this might be the case over the last two years.



An article which appeared in Reuters titled "Climate activists find warmer reception at shareholder meetings" increasingly more proposals are being funded which are aimed at curbing/combatting climate change:



Of the 145 climate-related proposals filed for this year’s springtime annual meeting season, 39 percent led to deals and were withdrawn, according to Ceres, a Boston-based advocacy group that coordinates and tracks the resolutions. Last year the rate was 36 percent, and 21 percent in 2015.


The reporting is not a complete surprise given the success in transitioning toward clean/renewable energy occurring in European countries.  Over the last few years, the European Union has pushed remarkably well for a transition through making affordable financing available to countries will to make the transition.  As a result, more and more European countries can transition toward renewable energy sources.



Another way to view the success stated in the article cited above is to look at a graph of investment over time.  The graphic below shows the trend of green investment over 4 years:







According to the graph on the right, which is the number of proposals versus time.  The blue columns represent the total number of projects received in a given year.  Whereas the purple represents the total number of proposals funded.  For 2015-18, the trend of an increasing number of proposals submitted is roughly matched by the rising number of the projects financed.



For 2019, the data is even more exciting.  The number of proposals drops for the year.  Although there is an increase in the number of projects funded.  This means that the total percentage of submitted proposals increased overall.  Of course, that was stated in the paragraph above.  Still, the data plotted above tells a beautiful story regarding investors warming up to climate activists.



The future is exciting for transitioning toward renewable energy sources.  Pictures (data graphs) speak a thousand words.  The Ceres group has provided a compelling story looking into the future based on the past.    An increasingly large number of jobs are opening up in the renewable energy sector.  This has kept up with the growing political will of the citizens of the United States.  Hopefully, this momentum does not slow down, but only gains strength to keep alive and well into the immediate future.  Stay tuned!



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Thursday, July 11, 2019

Parameters: What Scientific Tests Are Done On The World Cup Soccer Ball?


Photo by Fauzan Saari on Unsplash



The Women's FIFA World Cup just finished last week.  Members of the United States have been celebrating a great (and well deserved victory).  Although, the story which has caught fire in the news is of the U.S. team co-captain Megan Rapinoe serving up her thoughts on the group visiting the U.S. White House.  I applaud her for the advocacy that she has been pursuing over the last few days. Especially with regard to equality on gender and race issues.  The current blog post is regarding another issue in soccer.


There are many aspects to the FIFA World Cup which go unnoticed.  One significant point is the actual soccer ball.  How are FIFA soccer balls certified?  What measurements must be made to be certified with the FIFA World Cup logo?  I will explain below.


7 Essential Measurements of a FIFA Soccer Ball




According to 'FIFA TV,' there are 7 measurements that a world cup soccer ball has to test to be considered a 'successful test' as shown in the video below (total length less than 2 minutes):






There are seven essential tests done on every soccer ball used in the FIFA World Cup:


(1) Circumference

(2) Sphericity

(3) Shape and Size Retention

(4) Water Absorption

(5) Weight

(6) Loss of Pressure

(7) Rebound



(1) & (2) -- Starting with the first and second measurement: Circumference and Sphericity. 



The FIFA soccer ball is measured at 4,500 different points on the ball to ensure that the ball is spherical in shape with a constant circumference.  The equation of a sphere along with a circumference of a ball are shown below:











A computer program measures the diameter (diameter = 2 x radius) and calculates the volume and circumference of a soccer ball.  This is accomplished by measuring over 4,500 points on the soccer ball itself.  Wow!



(3) Shape and Size Retention:



After critically examining (measuring) the sphericity of the soccer ball, next is a robotic cage in which the soccer ball is launched against a metal (steel) plate.  Upon bouncing off the plate over 2,000 times, the ball is again measured for size and shape retention.  This can be accomplished measuring the volume and circumference as done in steps (1) and (2).



(4) Water Absorption:



To test for water absorption, the soccer ball is compressed 250 times into a water bath, then weighed.  In the next test, which is weight, the ball is weighed 3 times, and the average is taken.  This highlights the precision and time taken to ensure that each soccer ball is up to specifications.  Any water absorption could result in unexpected reactivity to a players game.



(5) Weight:



As stated above, anytime a weight is taken, the average of three measurements is recorded.  This ensures accuracy.


(6) Loss of Pressure:



Each soccer ball is pumped up with air to the specified pressure and then left of sit for 24 hours.  After which, the ball is checked for any air loss.  Any air loss would make the soccer ball react differently during a given game.



(7) Rebound:



To test for a consistent bounce, each soccer ball is tested with a robotic instrument (as shown in the video above).   The measurements of a given rebound must be consistent with one another to within the specified variability defined by the FIFA organization.  The height of two meters is defined as the rebound height from which the measurement (of a uniform rebound) is made.



What Is Inside a FIFA Soccer Ball?




In a video produced by 'Digg.com' titled "What's inside the World Cup Soccer Ball?" three soccer balls are tested and opened up, as shown in the video below:





Wow.



Upon passing the rigorous seven essential measurements, the soccer ball is given an official "FIFA" stamp of approval.  I am amazed at the development of technology to specify such tolerances for a game ball.  Think of all of the games in history where an unexpected behavior of a ball has caused the soccer ball manufacturer to return the drawing (research & development) table to optimize the production of soccer balls.



The next time that you find yourself engrossed in watching a soccer game, you can refer back to this blog post and consider the extra time and effort which comes along with certifying each soccer ball used in the FIFA World Cup.  Chances are that you will not ever view the game the same way that you had previously.  Instead, you may find yourself thinking more about all of the various parameters which go into a given soccer game.  Enjoy the brain candy!




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Tuesday, July 9, 2019

Parameters: What Parameters are in play to meet Climate Change Challenges?





The main push back toward transitioning toward the Green New Deal is the massive shift in resources, infrastructure, and investment.  Incorporating clean (renewable) energy into the economy while phasing out fossil fuels is a promising aspect as the cost of technology drops over time.  Although, there are parameters that need to be addressed which stand as obstacles in the transition over time.  What are these parameters?



Reporting by Politico outlined parameters which would be in play to reach zero emissions by 2050:


The authors warned against betting on technological fixes alone, because these ideas have not been deployed at scale and come with high costs and limited social acceptability.
"While it’s clear that some [carbon dioxide removal] is needed, it is really a policy choice which actions we want to go through," said Joeri Rogelj, another of the report's authors and a researcher at the Austrian International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.
Avoiding over-reliance on carbon removal requires the world to peak carbon dioxide emissions "well before" 2030. This in turn has huge implications for the energy sector.
By 2050 renewables will have to produce 70 percent to 85 percent of power.
Coal will have to be phased out, and gas will have a limited role — generating only 8 percent of global electricity, and only as long as it's used in combination with carbon capture and storage technology.
An area ranging from 1 million to 7 million square kilometers — the size of Egypt and Australia respectively — will have to be dedicated to growing crops used to generate energy.
Because of the competition with food crops, this transition will have to be "carefully managed," but is indispensable, according to authors, especially as biofuels are the only alternative to fossil fuels in high-emission sectors like aviation and shipping.
"Only if we find technologies that can decarbonize air transport or freight, it would be possible to eliminate bioenergy," said Skea.
Similarly, under all scenarios compatible with 1.5 degrees, the contribution of nuclear power increases.
The U.N. report, commissioned by governments in Paris in 2015, will feed into the discussions at December's COP24 climate summit in Katowice, Poland.
EU environment ministers are meeting on Tuesday to discuss the bloc's position for the summit, and green groups are calling on them to increase the EU's 2030 target of cutting greenhouse gas emissions from 40 percent to "well beyond 45 percent," said Wendel Trio, director of NGO Climate Action Network Europe.


Available land is just one of the major parameters in play in the transition toward renewable energy.  Space is needed to grow crops used as biofuels.  Enormous amounts of land as highlighted above.  This will create competition with land which is used to grow food.  Freight and air transport alone will require large amounts of land.  How does that land balance against the amount of land required to grow food for consumers in the United States?  How are we going to feed the world?



The largest parameter is society's acceptance of the transition toward renewable energy.   Political will is the name for society's acceptance of any transition and is by far the largest influence in the transition toward renewable energy by Our nation.  Although, other countries are gaining influence while making the transition.  While the United States is standing by and watching the progress being made in the transition toward renewable energy.  How long will the citizens of the United States stand by and let this happen?  We need the political will to move the greater part of the United States toward the transition into a renewable (clean) energy future.



The parameters here do not even include another very important parameter.  How does climate change impact national security?  Last month, I included written testimony of past Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel on the link between national security and climate change into a blog post.



The time to invest large sums and influence in the transition toward renewable energy is now.  Other countries have shown that such an investment is worthwhile.  The parameters listed above help us understand the difficulties in the transition.  It is up to us to push our elected politicians toward embracing the transition toward renewable energy.  The time for action is now.



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Friday, July 5, 2019

Senator Elizabeth Warren: Taxing the Rich is not "Class Warfare"


                                          Image by Bishnu Sarangi from Pixabay



Scientists are inquisitive people.  The world is made up of many connected systems - which in total makes the world incomprehensible as one entire system.  In scientific research, scientists tend to break down a complex system into component systems.  These systems are parameterized into components in which scientists can ask meaningful questions.



What about the world at large?  Who has the most information regarding complex systems?  The answer is Congress.  Congress makes laws and regulations about the operation in the United States (and sometimes beyond).



Senator Elizabeth Warren has been closing in over the last few years on the wealthy and their tax cuts which benefit only the 1% with the reality of capitalism in America:



“There’s nobody in this country who got rich on his own — nobody,” she said in a clip that went viral. “You built a factory out there? Good for you! But I want to be clear: You moved your goods to market on the roads the rest of us paid for. You hired workers the rest of us paid to educate. You were safe in your factory because of police forces and fire forces the rest of us paid for.”
She ended: “You built a factory and it turned into something terrific, or a great idea? God bless! Keep a big hunk of it. But part of the underlying social contract is, you take a hunk of that and pay it forward for the next kid who comes along.”



Taxing, the wealthy is not class warfare.  Redistributing wealth is not a phenomenon that is associated with class warfare.  Realizing that corporations should pay their fair share for actions on the corporations part is essential.  When a lobbyist is present in Congress, the person (lobbyist) representing the corporation is fighting for the bottom line of the corporation.  The reality is that the lobbyist is really viewing the situation in a tiny bubble -- pretending that the world is not connected. 



The actions on the part of corporations should be monitored (and are) by a body of representatives with 'connected facts.'  Congressional representatives tend to jump on their soapboxes to speak about all of their constituents who are being impacted by a bill (either positively or negatively).  Elected politicians should emphasize connectivity in our world.  Division springs up where connectivity is de-emphasized.  Which is sad.



When the electorate educates the citizens about connectivity, then each of us has a greater sense of one another's purpose in the entirety of the world.  Each of us matters.  Our individual contributions do matter.  When a business person or scientist stands up and brags about his/her accomplishments in climbing the professional ladder, the public should return to the paragraph by Senator Elizabeth Warren above.  To remind themselves that their contribution/success depends on many other peoples contributions/successes too.  We are all connected in some manner.  We just have to be willing to learn along with looking more in-depth for the connections (i.e., contributions).



Until next time, have a great weekend!



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Wednesday, July 3, 2019

Parameters: The Military Is Not Meant To Come To Town!


Photo by Chuanchai Pundej on Unsplash




I have a vivid memory from my childhood.  My father bought an old farmhouse.  With that house came a considerable amount of trash generated each week.  Rather than drag 20 trash bins out to the curb, my father decided to buy a dumpster.  The house had a back driveway.  When the trash truck first reversed into the rear entrance, the back tires started to sink into the ground.  The top of the truck began to sway.  I ran away in fear of being crushed by the sinking vehicle.



What about Tanks?




There is no denying that the United States Military is by far the strongest in the entire world.  One overarching position that any soldier in the U.S. military will convey is the vast (and incomprehensible) power of the military.  You cannot even imagine.  I had difficulty believing the capabilities while serving in the U.S. Air Force -- deploying over to Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait in the late '90s.



President Trump recently announced that tomorrow (4th of July), the military will be included in the parade down Pennsylvania Avenue.  Reporting on the possibility of such an event by the Washington Post along with the New York Times and others -- has caused considerable speculation.  Why?



First and foremost, if the President's intention were really to honor the military and the greatness of America, then he would leave the troops at their respective bases (homes) to celebrate and have time off (from deployments, exercises, training, emergency situations, etc.).  Obviously, that is not the case for this occasion. The President has undoubtedly not thought of the relevant parameters at hand for the event to go smoothly.  Let us review a few.



1) Equipment (planes, tanks, troops) must be transported to the Capitol.

2) Around the clock, security has to be provided to the equipment.

3) Hotel, eating arrangements (not to mention uniforms,etc.) have to be assigned.

4) Accountability for the equipment and troops.

5) Timing is everything.



To start with transportation.



1) Transportation to and from Event?



The amount of shipments that must be made in advance around the clock is staggering.  Tanks must be loaded onto trains to be shipped long distances.  Short distances can be accomplished by truck.  Fighter jets come in groups.  Groups of fighter jets require groups of maintenance personnel to maintain the aircraft.



To ensure when the jets are started, they can fly without error.  Every flight is a mission.  Therefore, each plane is treated as if the pilot is flying into combat.  I would imagine the same is true of other services -- which complicates the situation further with the amount of support personnel required.



The amount of massive coordination has to be centered at a geographical location.  How many hotel rooms are required for maintenance personnel?  Are there enough hotel rooms in Washington D.C.?  These questions have yet to be answered.  What about the food needed to feed the staff?  This amount of food is aside from that required for the visitors (civilians, government, and local) who will encroach on the Capital that day.  What a mess.



2) Security?



Once the equipment has arrived at the designated location in Washington D.C., who is going to guard the equipment?  Around the clock?  You cannot just drive a tank up on the day to the event.  As has been reported by the popular news, the roads in Washington D.C. were not built to handle the weight of a 60 ton Tank.  What is going to happen when the Tank sinks into the street?  What about the bridges?



The Lincoln Memorial supposedly cannot handle the weight of a single Tank?  The Memorial is built on top of the Potomac River.  How is that going to work out?  These are relevant parameters which are overlooked by the public and politicians.  Although the parameters have to be answered and overcame to move the military into location.  The analysis involved takes time.  There is a whole substructure of infrastructure required to make the presence of the U.S. Military happen in a given geographic area which is often overlooked by the public.



Which is sad to say.  The reason why is that if these parameters were known to the public (or cared for by the public), a greater appreciation might exist for the military.



3) & 4) Troops, Troops, and Troops!



It has been reported by the Washington Post that over 300 troops will be part of the ceremony tomorrow.  That does not include all of the support personnel to move the equipment, ensure that the Fighter Jets are up and running.  Which is another 100 depending on the amount of equipment being shipped to the event?  This requires troops to be on alert and away from their families on a holiday to celebrate America's independence.  The day of celebration.



What the world does not realize is that any time you have military soldiers running around 'town' freely, there are going to be issues.  If everything goes smoothly and no crazy events happen, I will surely be surprised.  Of course, the news might not even hear of any.  The military is kept tight and is good at retaining information locked down.



Think about feeding soldiers, coordinating transporting them into the event and out of the event.  What is not generally known about the travel of any U.S. soldier is that 'official orders' have to be prepared for each soldier.  If you ever see a soldier on deployment or vacation who is on active duty, that soldier is required to carry his/her 'official orders' stating their official status.  Which is the current case, means generating hundreds of pieces of paper to give to soldiers to be present at the celebration.



Hotel accommodations were mentioned earlier.  Where are all of these troops going to stay?  They have to be housed somewhere close to the event.  Transportation is another issue.  Who is coordinating the event?  Is there a central command or is each service organizing separately?  I can only imagine the amount of effort required to make this celebration happen.



5) Timing is everything!



As I have already alluded to, the amount of coordination is going to be crazy.  Usually, the military operates on planning schedules of months.  Of course, deployments happen overseas frequently without hiccups or delays.  There are delays, but for the most part, the military has now optimized the travel abroad to deploy abroad to a large extent.  The case for traveling inside the United States comes with different rules.  Especially when military equipment is involved.



To make the flyover happen seamlessly, there is a large amount of effort devoted to planning.  The planning starts days before.  I have embedded a video which is less than 6 minutes in length, showing the logistics that go into producing a high flyover by the military:






The cost of flying military aircraft over stadiums vary by type of aircraft.  For aircraft designed to perform at events (military jets reconfigured to fly for events), the cost per Blue Angel Fighter Jet is around $10,000 per hour.  Whereas for an F-35, the cost is $30,000 per hour.  Even more expensive is the cost to fly Air Force One at a cost of $140,000 per hour.  These costs were reported by the Washington Post earlier this week.



I have included a few videos below of the coverage so far of the transportation of military equipment below.



Washington Post Video:



Coverage of Tanks being transported Tuesday night:







The military is not necessarily designed to visit cities in the United States.  Sounds ironic right?  Immediately after 9/11, I was telling people the silence in the sky was rather disturbing to a person who lives near an airport.  To have the military shut down airspace to all aircraft is not normal.  Furthermore, to have Fighter Jets flying through the sky is not normal either on a daily basis.  The military is great at deploying and exerting force where required by the command.  Using the military for a celebration is typically outside of the mission.



Now that a few of the relevant parameters have been stated, the celebration tomorrow and beyond will always provide you with the insight into the logistics that go on behind the scene to make celebrations happen. Which should promote more gratitude among viewers.  The effort staff and planners, along with troops, devote to making a celebration seem seamless is impressive. 



I hope that each of you has a wonderful (and safe) 4th of July celebration!


























































Monday, July 1, 2019

National Academies Weigh In On Scientific Evidence For Climate Science




With the G-20 meeting last weekend to discuss a variety of issues, chiefly among them, the Paris Agreement, President Trump again showed his lack of education regarding the realities of climate change along with the threat it poses to our world.  Take the vote, 19 out of 20 nations voted to uphold the Paris Agreement with the United States being the 'odd man out,'  the 'outsider.'  How is this possible given the overwhelming evidence that backs the realities of climate change?



The National Academies Presidents released the following statement regarding the evidence for climate science:



June 18, 2019

National Academies Presidents Affirm the Scientific Evidence of Climate Change
Recently, questions have been raised about climate science. The National Academies have addressed many of these questions in our independent, evidence-based reports. We are speaking out to support the cumulative scientific evidence for climate change and the scientists who continue to advance our understanding.
Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions. The evidence on the impacts of climate change is also clear and growing. The atmosphere and the Earth’s oceans are warming, the magnitude and frequency of certain extreme events are increasing, and sea level is rising along our coasts.
The National Academies are focused on further understanding climate change and how to limit its magnitude and adapt to its impacts, including on health. We also recognize the need to more clearly communicate what we know. To that end, in 2018, the National Academies launched an initiative to make it easier for decision makers and the public to use our extensive body of work to inform their decisions. In addition, we will be expanding our Based on Science communications effort to include clear, concise, and evidence-based answers to frequently asked questions about climate change.
A solid foundation of scientific evidence on climate change exists. It should be recognized, built upon, and most importantly, acted upon for the benefit of society.

Marcia McNutt
President, National Academy of Sciences

C. D. Mote, Jr.
President, National Academy of Engineering

Victor J. Dzau
President, National Academy of Medicine



The press release above obviously is part of what drives Senator Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's introduction of a 'Green New Deal' earlier this year.  To date, Congress has held a record number of hearings with 'Climate Change' in the title.  Some of which have been discussed in posts on this site.



The science is in and supports the momentum that is on display at the G-20 with the vote mentioned above reported by Politico:



"We've succeeded after days and nights of negotiations to have again, after all, a 19 to 1 declaration, where the 19 signatory countries of the Paris Agreement commit to the same things as we did in Buenos Aires," Merkel said. "We say that this process is 'irreversible' and we say that we have made our commitments [to cut greenhouse gas emissions] and will do a review again in 2020 to see whether we must make new commitments."
French President Emmanuel Macron slammed the United States for trying to water down the climate commitments.
"We [the G20] are increasingly disconnected from the rest of the world ... Our scientists every day remind us of our duty in matters of climate change and biodiversity, our youth every week in France and many countries remind us of our duty, while we at the G20 continue having debates on whether we can still cite the Paris Agreement."



Of course, this opposition by President Trump on sound evidence is not an isolated incident.  Another important topic discussed at the G-20 was the adoption of free trade.  Free trade is supported by a number of other nations (and our Republican party) along with the World Trade Organization.  Prime Minister Angela Merkel remarked on the issue this last weekend:
 
Instead, the leaders made a "clear commitment to free, fair, non-discriminatory, transparent trade" and declared that a reform of the World Trade Organization is "necessary."
"And I say this quite clearly, this is so important, because otherwise the WTO will enter a phase of inability to work, and that is why the communiqué at this point was very, very important to us," Merkel added.


The reporting above further shows that America along with the rest of the world is in a storm.  What should be obvious is, in fact, turning out to be a controversy.  A controversy which should not even be a news sound bite.  Climate change is real and supported by science. Free trade is the norm in the world.  How do we know this is true?  Look at the lack of policy coming out of Washington?  The answer is based on history.  President Trump should reverse his proposition to try to push China into a direction which would put the United States at a further disadvantage. 



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